Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in sediments of the Daliao River Estuary, China: levels, distribution and their influencing factors

The concentrations, compositional profiles, possible sources of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in sediments of the Daliao River Estuary as well as the factors influencing the distribution of PBDEs were investigated. The total concentrations of PBDEs ranged from 0.13 to 1.98 ng g⁻¹ d.w. BDE209 was the dominating congener in all sediment samples, indicating the pollution of PBDEs in the Daliao River Estuary mainly came from the use of deca-BDE commercial mixtures. The intrusion of sea waters promoted the deposition of the colloid-associated PBDEs in the estuary. There were significantly negative correlations between PBDE concentration in sediment with pH value and salinity in the bottom water. The higher river flow in the flood season (summer) obviously accelerated the transport of PBDEs, and thereby increased the risk of PBDE contamination to the deep ocean. Moreover, a positive correlation between TOC and PBDE distributions was observed, suggesting that TOC regulated the distributions of PBDEs in sediments of Daliao River Estuary.     

Effect of moisture content on emanation at different grain size fractions - A pilot study on granitic esker sand sample

It is known that in soils and sediments moisture adsorbed on particle surfaces and in the pore system significantly affects the behaviour of recoiling radon (²²²Rn) atoms after decay of parent ²²⁶Ra, leading to increased ²²²Rn emanation. As a first step in an effort to characterize the ²²²Rn source term in mineralised sediments in the present study, complementing previous studies in the area, granitic esker sand samples were collected in order to test how moisture content affects ²²²Rn emanation at different grain size fractions. Emanation fractions measured for natural samples were compared with theoretical calculations. Six different grain size fractions were studied at 0%, 5% and 10% moisture contents relative to the mass of solids. In a further study necessary complementary information on the chemical and structural distribution of ²²⁶Ra was gained by selective leaching experiments. The results showed that ²²⁶Ra concentration increases from 50 Bq/kg at grain size 1-2 mm to 200 Bq/kg at grain size <0.063 mm. Respectively, the emanation factor increased from 0.12 to 0.30 at 5% moisture content. Both emanation factor and radium concentration increased significantly when grain size was below 0.125-0.250 mm. Above this fraction, the emanation fraction was approximately constant, 0.13 at 5% moisture content. In most of the grain size fractions, emanation reaches its maximum at 5% moisture content, being twice as high as in a dry sample. For the small particles (<0.063 mm) the ²²⁶Ra distribution is rather complex and depends on the mineral composition compared to larger particles wherein emanation from the internal pore system and the adjacent matrix is dominating over the contribution from external surface.     

《民用建筑工程室内环境污染控制规范》国家标准的部分内容值得商榷

针对《民用建筑工程室内环境污染控制规范》GB50325—2001（2006年版）中苯、总挥发性有机物的进样方法、“甲醛仲裁检测”的提法及室内环境污染物浓度限量值等问题，结合实际工作情况，进行了分析探讨，并阐述了相应的修改意见。     

四川简阳东溪镇土壤环境六种元素含量评价

本文用随机布点法，采集了简阳东溪镇土壤样品29个，分析了土壤中Cd、Zn、Ni、Cu、Mn、Pb六种元素含量，用Shapiro-Wilk法和偏态系数检验了土壤中的元素含量分布类型，结果六种元素含量均为正态分布。根据元素含量类型分布，统计简阳东溪镇土壤中六种元素平均含量为：Cd0．295ppm、Zn62．5ppm、Ni27．49ppm、Cu23．25ppm、bin157．25ppm、Pb17．47ppm。     

气田含油污泥焚烧性能优化实验

焚烧法是气田含油污泥处理的主要方法。文章分析了气田含油污泥的性质和特性,气田含油污泥处理方法及存在问题,对气田含油污泥焚烧性能优化机理、提高旋转窑焚烧炉工艺参数进行了研究。结合现场实际情况,提出了以降低污泥含水率在30%以下和控制焚烧炉预热温度500℃以上为主要措施的解决思路。     

Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides) responses to fertilization and salinity under irrigation conditions

Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides) has not been widely introduced in arid and semi-arid regions where irrigation, fertilization, and salinity are important factors in plant growth. The main objective of this study was to determine the response of vetiver to fertilization (fertigation) and salinity and their interactions under irrigated conditions. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in 10-L pots. Combined effects of three nutrients concentrations and three salinity levels of electrical conductivity (EC) 1, 3 and 6 dS/m in the irrigation water on growth and transpiration of vetiver plants and the content of different elements in their foliage were studied. Similar contents of 3.7 g/kg Na, 5.77 g/kg Ca and 2.55 g/kg Mg were found in the foliage of all the plants irrigated with the different fertilizer and salinity levels. Concentrations of 59 mg/L N and 36.1 mg/L K in the irrigation water were sufficient for vetiver plants needs at the different salinity levels tested. The salinity threshold (the maximum EC in the soil solution that does not cause a significant yield reduction) for vetiver was between 3 and 6 dS/m. A concentration of 15.2 mg/L P in the irrigation water was the optimum value for vetiver growth in the three salinity levels, resulting in an average content of 5.95 g/kg P in plant foliage. It is suggested that vetiver is sensitive to excess P (>8.66 g/kg). Increasing EC in the irrigation water to 6 dS/m decreased plant foliage biomass mainly due to an increase in the osmotic potential of the irrigation water and high Cl⁻ concentration in the foliage.     

Calibration Catchment Selection for Flood Regionalization Modeling1

Wan Jaafar, Wan Zurina, and Dawei Han, 2012. Calibration Catchment Selection for Flood Regionalization Modeling. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(4): 698‐706. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2012.00648.x Abstract: There are two unsolved problems in flood regionalization model development related to the quantity and quality of calibration catchments: (1) how many calibration catchments should be used? and (2) how to select the calibration catchments? This study explores these two questions through a case study on the median annual maximum flood (QMED) model in the United Kingdom. It has been found that the chance of developing a good QMED model decreases significantly when the number of calibration catchments drops below a critical number (e.g., 60 in the case study). However, no significant improvement is achieved if the number of calibration catchments is above it. This number could be used as a benchmark for choosing randomly selected calibration catchments. Across a broad range of calibration catchment numbers, there are good and poor calibrated models regardless of calibration catchment numbers. High quality models could be developed from a small number of calibration catchments and also poor models from a large number of calibration catchments. This indicates that the number of calibration catchments may not be the dominating factor for developing a high quality regionalization model. Instead, the information content could be more important. The study has demonstrated that the standard deviation values between the best and poorest groups are distinctive and could be used in choosing appropriate calibration catchments.     

含油量对餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵的影响

在35℃条件下，研究了不同含油量（0％、1％、2％、3％、4％、5％）餐厨垃圾中温厌氧消化过程中日产气量、甲烷含量、总固体（TS）、挥发性固体（VS）、干物质产气率等的变化，为后续餐厨垃圾连续发酵的预处理提供参考。结果表明：5％含油量餐厨厌氧发酵周期最长，累计产气量最大，为5800mL。在消化过程中，沼气中甲烷含量先上升后下降，最高可达76％；于物质产气率随含油量增大而增大，依次为497．4、506．1、543．8、554．4、590．7和600．1mL／gTS；5％含油餐厨垃圾的TS和VS去除率最大，分别为34．4％和42．9％。     

Effects of Permafrost Degradation on Soil Hydrological Processes in Alpine Steppe on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Permafrost degradation is prevalent on the Qinghai-Ti-bet Plateau. This may lead to changes in water and heat transition in soils and thus affect the structure and function of ecosystems. In this paper...     

煤与瓦斯突出过程中煤体瓦斯的作用研究

为了研究煤与瓦斯突出过程中煤体瓦斯的作用,采用煤体中瓦斯总量守恒的原理研究瓦斯含量与瓦斯积聚内能的基本方程和影响因素;分析煤与瓦斯突出产生的力学条件和机理,建立了煤与瓦斯突出危险程度的矩阵图。结果表明:瓦斯含量是煤体瓦斯内能最直接的反应,其值大小决定瓦斯内能的大小;瓦斯压力梯度、煤体的断裂韧性及煤体内的裂隙发育程度决定着瓦斯突出的危险性,低渗透性构造煤对瓦斯运移阻力较大,容易形成较大的瓦斯压力梯度,从而更容易发生煤与瓦斯突出。煤层中的瓦斯含量、瓦斯压力、地应力越大,煤体的强度、渗透率越小,越容易发生突出。煤层瓦斯情况、力学性能、地质构造和煤层的应力状态是决定煤与瓦斯突出的主要因素。